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The all-optical network has been talked about for
years, and it is a captivating concept, but one that our research suggests
will take many years and billions more dollars of investment to actually
achieve. The advantages of all-optical networks are generally recognized to
be their greater flexibility in routing and switching optical signals, low
cost, zero-interference processing of signals at intermediate nodes, and the
elimination of the time, cost, and resources consumed in the
optical-electronic-optical (O-E-O) conversion of signals.
The hard fact is that today the all-optical dream is
still a goal—not a reality. Even today’s state-of-the-art optical
components, equipment, and protocols do not provide a flexible, scalable,
and economically viable all-optical solution. The optical communications
industry is therefore walking a tightrope trying to keep the costs down
while it keeps up with the ever-growing demand for capacity.
While the all-optical network with end-to-end optical
components will undoubtedly take years to realize, optical networking
engineers today are continuing to tweak, streamline, and optimize their
manufacturing processes, transmission technologies, and transport protocols
to find ways to match the performance and cost demands of an all-optical
infrastructure. These efforts have produced an interesting set of hybrid
approaches that are being applied to optical technologies. This report is a
study of these hybrid approaches to achieve the benefits of all-optical
networking by examining their technology and business prospects.
Insight
Research has identified several areas where the hybrid approach to an
all-optical network is most evident:
·
Carrier Ethernet,
·
generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS ),
·
reconfigurable add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs), and
·
photonic integrated circuits (PICs).
The hybrid approaches applied in Carrier Ethernet
transport, GMPLS, ROADM, and PIC represent a
significant departure from........
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Chapter I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 The Dream and the Reality of the
All-Optical Network
1.2 Worldwide Markets for Optical Equipment
Chapter II
FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Thesis
2.2 Optical Transmission Basics
2.2.1 Total Internal
Reflection
2.2.2 Optical Fiber
Modes
2.2.3 Optical Fiber
Indices
2.3 Optical Transmission Characteristics
2.4 Optical Communication Network
2.4.1 Connection Patterns
2.4.2 Transparency in
Optical Networks
2.4.3 Protection in
Optical Networks
2.4.4 Wavelength Routing
and Channel Assignments
2.5 Components of the Optical Network
2.6 Conclusion
Chapter III
BASELINE OPTICAL TRANSPORT:
GAP IDENTIFICATION & THE ROLE OF THE HYBRID
3.1 Baseline Optical Transport Technologies:
Introduction
3.1.1 SONET/SDH
3.1.2 WDM
3.1.3 MPLS
3.1.4 Metro Ethernet
3.2 Baseline Optical Transport Technologies: Technology Overview
3.2.1 SONET/SDH
3.2.1.1 Benefits and Features of SONET/SDH
3.2.2 WDM
3.2.2.1 Benefits and Features of WDM
3.2.3 MPLS
3.2.3.1 Benefits and Features of MPLS
3.2.4 Metro Ethernet
3.2.4.1 Benefits and Features of Metro Ethernet
3.3 The Gaps in the Baseline Transport Technologies
3.3.1 SONET/SDH
3.3.2 WDM
3.3.3 MPLS
3.3.4 Ethernet
3.4 Hybrid Optical Transport Technologies: Introduction
3.4.1 Carrier
Ethernet
3.4.2 GMPLS
3.4.3 ROADM
3.5 Hybrid Optical Transport Technologies – Technology Details and Vendor
Initiatives
3.5.1 Carrier
Ethernet
3.5.1.1 Provider Backbone Bridging–Traffic Engineering
3.5.1.2 Transport MPLS
3.5.2 GMPLS
3.5.3 ROADM
3.5.3.1 ROADM Generations
3.5.3.2 Addressing the Challenges Facing ROADM
3.5.3.3 Vendor Initiatives
3.6 Conclusions
3.6.1 Carrier
Ethernet transport as Hybrids
3.6.2 GMPLS as
Hybrids
3.6.3 ROADMs as Hybrids
Chapter IV
CURRENT TECHNOLOGY GAPS AND
THE CASE FOR A HYBRID APPROACH
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Conventional Optical Manufacturing Processes
4.2.1 Processes and Materials
in Fiber and Optical Component Manufacturing
4.2.2 Scope and
Extent of Automation
4.2.3 App.of Semiconductor
Materials in Optical Comp. Manufacturing
4.2.3.1 Indium Phosphide
4.2.3.2 Gallium Arsenide
4.2.4 Case Study:
Packaging Options for 10 Gbit/s Integrated Modules
4.3 What Is Wrong With The Current Manufacturing Processes
4.4 The Hybrid Approach: Photonic Integrated Circuits
4.4.1 Advantages Offered by
PICs
4.4.2 What is
Driving Acceptance of PICs?
4.5 PIC–Technology Details
4.5.1 Integrated Optics
4.5.2 PIC Substrates
and Materials
4.5.3 Types of PIC
4.5.3.1 Monolithic Integration
4.5.3.2 Hybrid Integration
4.5.4 Dual
Approaches: PLC versus InP
4.5.5 Nano-Positioning
and Nano-Alignment
4.5.6 Technical Challenges for
PICs
4.5.7 Vendor
Initiatives
4.6 Conclusion: PICs as Hybrids
Chapter V
VENDOR ANALYSIS
5.1 Types of Optical Vendors
5.1.1 Integrated Multi-Service
Platform Vendors
5.1.2 Specialized Component
and Technology Vendors
5.1.3 Vendor
Activity Summary
5.2 Vendor Activity Details
5.2.1 Adva
5.2.2 Agiltron
5.2.3 Alcatel Lucent
5.2.4 AMCC
5.2.5 Broadcom
5.2.6 Ciena
5.2.7 Cisco
5.2.8 Corning
5.2.9 Corrigent
5.2.10 Cube Optics
5.2.11 CyOptics
5.2.12 ECI Telecom
5.2.13 Fujitsu Network
Communications
5.2.14 Huawei
5.2.15 Infinera
5.2.16 JDS Uniphase
5.2.17 Juniper
5.2.18 LSI Corp.
5.2.19 Meriton
5.2.20 NeoPhotonics
5.2.21 Nistica
5.2.22 Nortel
5.2.23 PMCSierra
5.2.24 Sycamore Networks
5.2.25 Teraxion
5.2.26 Xtellus
Chapter VI
OPTICAL NETWORK FORECAST
6.1 “All” Optical Networks
6.2 Methodology of Forecast
6.3 Data – The Critical Driver
6.4 Overall Optical Networking Growth Indicators
6.4.1
Worldwide Optical Equipment Sales
6.4.2 Sales by
Network Type
6.4.3
Worldwide Optical Fiber Sales
6.4.4 Optical
Equipment Sales by Region
6.5 Physical Layer – WDM
6.5.1 WDM Sales by
Global Region
6.6 Data Link/Network Layer – SONET/SDH
6.7 Data Link/Network Layer – Metro Ethernet
6.8 Emerging Hybrid Technologies
6.8.1 Carrier
Ethernet
6.8.2
ROADM
6.8.3
Integrated Optics and PIC
6.9 Conclusion
Table of Figures
Chapter I
I-1 Worldwide Optical
Equipment Sales, 2008-2013
Chapter II
II-1 Optical Fiber
Structure
II-2 Progressive Derivation of the
Critical Angle
II-3 Total Internal Reflection in an
Optical Fiber
II-4 Single-Mode and Multimode Fibers
II-5 Step Index and Graded Index Fibers
II-6 Low Attenuation Windows
II-7 OADM Configurations
II-8 Comparative Restoration Timing
Performance for Different Types of Connections
II-9 Directional Couplers
II-10 Functional Representation of 3-Port and 4-Port
Circulators
II-11 Parallel, Modular, Serial, and Band-Drop OADM
Architecture
Chapter III
III-1 STS-1 Frame Structure
III–2 STM-1 Frame Structure
III-3 Four-Channel DWDM System
III-4 Schematic of an MPLS Network
III-5 Label Header Structure
III-6 MPLS over WDM Core
III-7 Wavelength Selection Switching
Chapter IV
IV-1 Cross Section of Hybrid Laser
IV-2 Infinera PIC
IV-3 Infinera PIC Modules
Chapter VI
VI-1 Worldwide PC Shipments,
2008-2013
VI-2 Growth of Worldwide Internet User Base,
2008-2013
VI-3 Worldwide Wireline and Wireless Broadband
Users, 2008-2013
VI-4 Worldwide Broadband Wireline Users, by Global
Region, 2008-2013
VI-5 Worldwide Broadband Wireless Users, by Global
Region, 2008-2013
VI-6 Growth of the Worldwide IPTV User Base, 2008-2013
VI-7 Worldwide Online Content Revenues, 2008-2013
VI-8 Worldwide Optical Equipment Sales, 2008-2013
VI-9 Optical Equipment Sales, by Global Region,
2008-2013
VI-10 Market Share of Optical Equipment Sales, by Region, 2008
and 2013
VI-11 Optical Equipment Sales by Network Type, 2008-2013
VI-12 Percentage of Optical Equipment Sales by
Network Type, 2008
VI-13 Worldwide Fiber Sales, 2008-2013
VI-14 Worldwide Fiber Sales, by Global Region,
2008-2013
VI-15 North American Optical Equipment Sales
Distribution, 2008
VI-16 European, Middle Eastern, and African Optical
Equipment Sales Distribution, 2008-2013
VI-17 Asia and Pacific Optical Equipment Sales
Distribution, 2008-2013
VI-18 Central and Latin American Optical Equipment Sales
Distribution, 2008
VI-19 Global WDM Equipment Sales, by Global Region,
2008-2013
VI-20 Market Share of WDM Equipment Sales, 2008
VI-21 WDM Equipment Sales as Part of Metro and Long
Haul Equipment Sales, 2008-2013
VI-22 WDM Equipment Sales as Part of Metro and Long
Haul Equipment Sales, 2008 and 2013
VI-23 Metro WDM Equipment Sales, by Global Region,
2008-2013
VI-24 Long Haul WDM Equipment Sales, by Global Region,
2008-2013
VI-25 Global SONET/SDH Equipment Sales Revenue,
2008-2013
VI-26 SONET/SDH as Proportion of Metro and Long Haul
Equipment Sales, 2008-2013
VI-27 Global Metro Ethernet Equipment Sales,
2008-2013
VI-28 Worldwide SONET and Metro Ethernet Equipment Sales,
2008-2013
VI-29 Market Share of Metro Ethernet Equipment Sales, by
Global Region, 2008-2013
VI-30 Equipment Sales for SONET, Metro Ethernet, and
Carrier Ethernet, 2008-2013
VI-31 Global Carrier Ethernet Equipment Sales, by Global
Region, 2008-2013
VI-32 Market Share of Carrier Ethernet to All Ethernet
Equipment Sales, 2008-2013
VI-33 Global ROADM Equipment Sales, by Global
Region, 2008-2013
VI-34 Market Share of ROADM Sales, 2008-2013
VI-35 Global Integrated Optics Component Sales,
2008-2013
VI-36 Global PIC-based ROADM Sales, 2008-2013
VI-37 Market Share of PIC-based ROADMs, 2008-2013
Table of Tables
Chapter III
III-1 Interrelationship between STM,
STS, OC, and Gbit/s
III-2 ITU’s Laser Grid
Chapter V
V-1 Vendor Activity Summary
Chapter VI
VI-1 Worldwide Wireline and Wireless
Broadband Users, by Global Region, 2008-2013
VI-2 Worldwide Online Content Revenues, 2008-2013
VI-3 Optical Equipment Sales, by Region, 2008-2013
VI-4 Optical Equipment Sales by Network Type, 2008-2013
VI-5 Worldwide Fiber Sales, 2008-2013
VI-6 Worldwide Fiber Sales, by Global Region, 2008-2013
VI-7 Global WDM Equipment Sales, by Region, 2008-2013
VI-8 WDM Equipment Sales as Part of Metro and Long Haul
Equipment Sales, 2008-2013
VI-9 Metro WDM Equipment Sales, by Global Region, 2008-2013
VI-10 Long Haul WDM Equipment Sales, by Global Region, 2008-2013
VI-11 Global SONET/SDH Equipment Sales Revenue, by Global Region, 2008-13
VI-12 Global Metro Ethernet Equipment Sales, 2008-2013
VI-13 Global Carrier Ethernet Equipment Sales, by Global Region, 2008-2013
VI-14 Global ROADM Equipment Sales, by Global Region, 2008-2013
VI-15 Global PIC-based ROADM Sales, 2008-2013
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